What are the reasons for tuning instruments based on a frequency other than A440

432 vs. 440: The Ultimate Guide to Tuning Standards

“Countries, and even cities, each set their own criterion, with the result that tuning varied widely from one locale to another”: How 440Hz became the “concert pitch” – and the argument to change it to 432Hz

Discover the surprising origins of A440 tuning, a standard that reshaped the musical landscape in 1918. Funded by the Rockefeller family and the Rockefeller Foundation, the push for A440 faced fierce resistance from the world’s leading musicians, who argued for the beauty of diverse tunings, like those found in Baroque music. However, as history unfolded, the narrative took a darker turn when the task of promoting this standard was handed over to the notorious propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels